Sperm egg binding

Experts from Durham University have identified a new gene that could help the development of fertility treatments in humans in the future. Scientists from Durham University, UK, and Osaka University, Japan, looking at fertility in mice, have discovered for the first time that the gene, which makes a protein called PDILT, enables sperm to bind to an egg, a process essential to fertilisation. The team found that when the gene was 'switched off' in male mice, less than three per cent of females' eggs were fertilised compared to more than 80 per cent in mice when the gene was left switched on. The researchers also found that the cumulus cells, a cluster of cells surrounding and protecting an egg, play an important role in fertility -- their presence enables sperm to bind properly to an egg.

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Although the broad concepts of fertilisation are well defined, our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying sperm-egg binding is limited. Early studies of fertilisation in the mouse implicated beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-1 GalT as a sperm receptor for oligosaccharide ligands on the zona pellucida glycoprotein, ZP3. Binding of multiple ZP3 oligosaccharides induces GalT aggregation, leading to G-protein activation and initiation of the acrosome reaction. Consistent with this, GalT-null sperm show greatly reduced binding to ZP3 and are unable to undergo a zona-induced acrosome reaction.